Shi ites believe that shortly before his death the prophet muhammad publicly nominated his cousin and soninlaw, ali, to be his successor. History of shi a islam has been listed as a level5 vital article in history. The beginnings of islamic historical writing studies in late antiquity and early islam by donner, fred mcgraw isbn. This text is a very detailed and comprehensive history of the early stages of shi ism. This book reconstructs the development of an islamic ideal in the form of shi ism it traces the shi a response to this ideal, from its origins among a group of the prophets companions until the imamate of jafar assadiq, by which time all the fundamental elements of shi ism had appeared.
Islam, which literally means surrender or submission, was founded on the teachings of the. Shia islam the branch of islam that is called shia has its origins in a series of disputes within the early muslim community over who has the right to rule the community. The origins and early development of shia islam lubp. How conflicts within islam will shape the future by vali nasr, w. Buy the origins and early development of shia islam the millennium series by s. The shia community in indonesia can be traced back to early arab migrants to the.
The origins and early development of shia islam by s. Momens book fills an important gap in the general literature in english on twelver shiism, and should be carefully studied by anyone who wants to know more. Pdf this research paper surveys the history, theology, and. History of shia islam has been listed as a level5 vital article in history. The shia and sunni schools of thought differ primarily in jurisprudence and have far more similarities than differences. Concluding with a useful survey of shia demographics, devotional practices, and holy sites, this readable work answers many common questions about the origins, history, and beliefs of shii muslims with an emphasis on spirituality and rationality. In the context of shiism, kasravi dared to directly attack the shiite clergy, which angered religious groups and eventually led to his assassination by a. Naturally the question arises as to when shiism started. The shia typically dont treat these collections with such esteem, and instead give preferential treatment to four of their own books of ahadith i understand that the shia and the sunni can have very different ideas about who is considered a reliable narrator of any given hadith, which would account for a. Jafri backed with thorough and original research, this book is a study of shia islam based mainly on the oldest historical sources, rather than on heresiographical works, thus filling a serious gap in the field of academic study. Origins and early development of shia islam by s h jafri, 9780582780804, available at book depository with free delivery worldwide. The author has extensively used primary historical sources as well as more recent academic works in order to present one of the most detailed accounts of early shiism that is available in the english language today.
Interest in shi a islam has increased greatly in recent years, although shi ism in the indian subcontinent has remained largely underexplored. Buy the origins and early development of shi a islam the millennium series by s. A reconsideration of the sunnishia divide in early islam tigerprints. Shia islam originated as a response citation needed to questions of islamic religious leadership which became manifest as early as the death of muhammad in 632 ce. Shii islam is an excellent resource for students, scholars, and members of the reading public who want to get a thorough, intelligent survey of this fascinating topic. Nazeer ahmed, phd the triumphant advance of muslim armies across the interconnecting landmass of asia, europe and africa brought into the islamic empire large masses of people who were previously christian, zoroastrian, buddhist or hindu. Its origins have been attributed to basically political partisanship with regard to the leadership of the umma, a partisanship which later exploded into conflict in the civil war between ali and muawiya. International relations theories and the shia crescent. The origins and early development of shia islam syed. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. The book primarily uses four well regarded historians from among both sunni and shia muslims. Dec 31, 1979 origins and early development of shia islam book. This barcode number lets you verify that youre getting exactly the right version or edition of a book. This idea is sometimes expressed by saying that shi ism began as a political movement and later on acquired religious emphasis.
Order code rs21745 february 23, 2004 crs report for. So far, the approach to this subject ham been largely through the works of. Introduction in the polemical writings of the sunnis, it is asserted that sunni islam is the orthodox islam whereas shi ism is a heretical sect that began with the purpose of subverting islam from within. In his book, the origins and early development of shia islam, jafri comes to the conclusion. The author has extensively used primary historical sources as well as more. Gabriel told muhammad that god had commissioned muhammad as his last prophet.
Focusing on the influential shia minority of lucknow and the united provinces, a region that was largely under shia rule until 1856, this book traces the history of indian shiism through the colonial period toward independence in 1947. The bahai faith and its origins in shia islam and despair. Muhammads bloodline continues only through his daughter fatima zahra and cousin ali who alongside muhammads. They do differ, however, and that separation stemmed initially, not from spiritual distinctions, but political ones. Saddam hussein is a sunni but the the shias have more people in iraq today. The origins and early development of shia islam book. Since the creation of the universe by god, religions have occupied a huge role of human life. Before launching directly into a reply it would be best to first of all set out to our objective readers the concept of imamate from the texts of ahlul sunnah and shia. The division of the community of islam into sunni and shii branches has commonly been explained in terms of purely political differences. When they did take the latter into account, they tended to simply view them within the broader context of panislamism, albeit with shia. Ivf and gamete donation in sunni versus shia islam marcia c. Cambridge core middle east studies the origins of the shia by najam haider.
What are the differences between sunni and shia islam. The origins and early development of shia islam is perhaps the best book ive read in explaining the events that occured after the death of prophet mohammed. Abu ishaaq ibn alnadim, 297385 h, a famous shii writer, did not agree to neither of the above theories, he wrote in his alfihrist that shiism started at the battle of camel, thus explained. It deals with the history and development of this important religion, giving an account of shi i doctrines and focusing in particular on those areas in which it differs from sunni islam.
Assiduous research of the early history of islam suggests that khilafath with one exception was obtained through espionage, coercion, intimidation and political trickery. The origins and early development of shia islam the. Focusing on the influential shi a minority of lucknow and the united provinces, a region that was largely under shi a rule until 1856, this book traces the history of indian shi ism through the colonial period toward independence in 1947. Written under this premise, the book in hand should clarify some common questions and inquiries about the philosophy and practice of shia islam. Shia regards those caliphs were kafir persons while sunni regards them were real muslims since they entered islam as accepted by muhammad pbuh during his life.
In truth, if our muslim brothers were of the reality of the shi a religion and also proved to be just, such literature which lays the foundation of mutual enmity and satisfies the cravings of the imperialist and irreligious forces would be done away with. Oct 12, 2017 naturally the question arises as to when shiism started. The origin of shiite islam and its principles asl ashshiah wa usuluha by allamah shaykh muhammad husayn alkashifu lghita 3 introduction it was about two years ago that i received a long letter from an iraqi student in egypt. It deals with the history and development of this important religion, giving an account of shii doctrines and focusing in particular on those areas in which it differs from sunni islam. Apr 23, 2019 sunni and shia muslims share the most fundamental islamic beliefs and articles of faith and are the two main subgroups in islam. This book reconstructs the development of an islamic ideal in the form of shiism it traces the shia response to this ideal, from its origins among a group of the prophets companions until the imamate of jafar assadiq, by which time all the fundamental elements of shiism had appeared. The shia sector in islam and their sources from the quran. In the light of the evidence now available, it is possible to undertake a critical reassessment of the origins and development of shi a islam. The sheikhiyya movement, whose name is derived from its founder sheikh ahmad ibn zayn aldin ibn ibrahim alahsai 17531826, developed in iraq at the end of the eighteenth century and the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Until the attacks of september 11, 2001, few americans knew anything about islam, let alone about the distinctions between sunni and shia, the sufi and wahhabi, the origins of the holy quran and sharia law, and the respect that all muslims, even secular ones, harbor for the prophet muhammad, his family, and islamic traditions. The origins and early development of shi a islam the millennium series. Momens book fills an important gap in the general literature in english on twelver shi ism, and should be carefully studied by anyone who wants to know more. Due to the shi a belief that ali should have been the first caliph, the three caliphs that preceded him, abu bakr, umar, and usman, were considered illegitimate usurpers. Nov 03, 2011 assalamu alaikum sunni is a real and true followers of islam while shia is misled islam not pure islam because shia does not recognize caliph of abu bakar,umar bin khattab and ustman bin affan. Gt history of the modern middle east midterm bier identification notecards learn with flashcards, games, and more for free. Through out history, humans have adopted or embraced different faiths. Inhorn1,2 1director, center for middle eastern and north african studies, professor, department of health behavior and health education, program in womens studies, and department of. The author has extensively used primary historical sources as well as more recent academic works. He focuses on the textual sources of shii thought and the leading doctrines of shiism both those which are shared with other muslims and those that are unique to shiism, such as the emphasis on. Let us study this passage of fajru l islam and consider its repercussions. The conquering muslims left the people of the territories. In the light of the evidence now available, it is possible to undertake a critical reassessment of the origins and development of shia islam.
An accurate account of the number of shia muslims in indonesia is difficult to fix upon, though most estimates place the number in the region of 2 million. Sunni and shia muslims share the most fundamental islamic beliefs and articles of faith and are the two main subgroups in islam. It was in the small desert town of mecca, located in what is now saudi arabia and surrounded by the byzantine and sassanian empires, that islam emerged in the early 7th century through revelations that muslims believe were made to islam s prophet, muhammad, by the archangel gabriel jibril in arabic. The rise and development of islam ham been the subject of numerous studies, both general and specialized, but a major question, that of the origins and early growth of shi a islam, has received insufficient attention. In the context of shi ism, kasravi dared to directly attack the shi ite clergy, which angered religious groups and eventually led to his assassination by a group called the fadaiyane islam in 1946. A muslim is the name of a member of the islamic religion. There was a surge in conversions of both arabs and nonarabs to shia islam. The origins of the shia by najam haider cambridge university press. To begin the leading imam of the deobandis shah ismail shaheed states as follows. Sunnis and shiites febe armanios analyst in middle east religions and cultures foreign affairs, defense, and trade division summary the majority of the worlds muslim popula tion follows the sunni branch of islam, and approximately 1015% of all muslims follow the shiite shiite, shia, shia. In this concise, scholarly work, mohammad ali shomali outlines the distinguishing features of the twelver shia school of islamic thought, which is based on the teachings of the household of the prophet. Shia muslims refer to him as sahib alzaman the lord of the age. Shian mua wiyyah, the partisans of muawiyyah, the two groups that emerged among the. Abu ishaaq ibn alnadim, 297385 h, a famous shi i writer, did not agree to neither of the above theories, he wrote in his alfihrist that shi ism started at the battle of camel, thus explained.
Taking into account the dynamics of the new middle east and its. Shias adhere to the teachings of muhammad and the religious guidance of his family who are referred to as the ahl albayt or his descendants known as shia imams. Introduction in the polemical writings of the sunnis, it is asserted that sunni islam is the orthodox islam whereas shiism is a heretical sect that began with the purpose of subverting islam from within. Also because of it one of the prophets station is the sanctity of the people in particular muslims ayah 6. This idea is sometimes expressed by saying that shiism began as a political movement and later on acquired religious emphasis. Taking into account the dynamics of the new middle east and its sectarian strife, salafis in egypt have. Khilafath was designed to foster love, freedom and islamic justice. This article has been rated as startclass wikiproject.
There are differences between the shia and sunni communities, but this paper describes how it is possible better understand them and begin to make them manageable. Apr 04, 2000 the origins and early development of shi a islam book. The revelations muhammad received until his death in 632 constitute the quran, islams holy book. Shi a islam the branch of islam that is called shi a has its origins in a series of disputes within the early muslim community over who has the right to rule the community.
Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. Zora hesova alongside the fierce resistance against the occupation, another surprise of the iraq venture of great consequence that requires explanation and assessment is the. This article has been rated as startclass wikiproject islam shi a islam. History of the modern middle east midterm flashcards quizlet. Shiites believe that shortly before his death the prophet muhammad publicly nominated his cousin and soninlaw, ali, to be his successor. This volume is the first translation of two of kasravis works, dar piramoune islam on islam and shi igari shi ism. Shia islam and sunnism split in the aftermath of the death of muhammad based on the politics of the early caliphs.
In conclusion, the book refers to the triumph of revolutionary currents which began in the church over a decade ago. The issues involved not only whom to appoint as the successor to muhammad, but also what attributes a true successor should have. Then laying a foundation for the comparisons he is about to make he explains islamic writings. Assalamu alaikum sunni is a real and true followers of islam while shia is misled islam not pure islam because shia does not recognize caliph of abu bakar,umar bin khattab and ustman bin affan. This text is a very detailed and comprehensive history of the early stages of shiism. Origins and early development of shia islam by sayyid husayn. Shia islam originated as a response to questions of islamic religious leadership which became. In these pages, therefore, an attempt is made to trace out and reconstruct those earliest tendencies and ideas which gave shi a islam its distinctive character. Shia islam, also known as shiite islam or shiism, is the second largest branch of islam after sunni islam. The shia community in indonesia can be traced back to early arab migrants to the region, and have strong kinship ties.
In truth, if our muslim brothers were of the reality of the shia religion and also proved to be just, such literature which lays the foundation of mutual enmity and satisfies the cravings of the imperialist and irreligious forces would be done away with. Now, i will just mention some hadiths in which the prophet muhammad spoke of a group of people as shia followers of ali and then refer to some extra reasons from hadiths and the histor. As is known, there are six major books of ahadith used in sunni jurisprudence. Islam is a monotheistic religious tradition that developed in the middle east in the 7th century c. A muslim isnt a mohammedan, and muslims dont belong to a mohammedan religion, because muhammad is only a man. So far, the approach to this subject ham been largely through the works of heresiographers such as baghdadi, ibn hazm, and shahrastani.
The origin of shi ite islam and its principles asl ash shi ah wa usuluha by allamah shaykh muhammad husayn alkashifu lghita 3 introduction it was about two years ago that i received a long letter from an iraqi student in egypt. So far, the approach to this subject ham been largely through the works of heresiographers such as baghdadi, ibn hazm, and. The origins and early development of shia islam the millennium series. Origins and early development of shi a islam by s h jafri, 9780582780804, available at book depository with free delivery worldwide. Interest in shia islam has increased greatly in recent years, although shiism in the indian subcontinent has remained largely underexplored. Briefly speaking, the writer of the letter had had an exchange of views with some eminent scholars of alazhar. The rise and development of islam ham been the subject of numerous studies, both general and specialized, but a major question, that of the origins and early growth of shia islam, has received insufficient attention. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website.